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It was a difficult age to move. Her brother is 18 months older, so he looked after her a bit at school, but it sounds like a difficult time. She set about applying to drama schools, got into Rose Bruford College when she was 18, but took a gap year to work and save money, though she spent most of it on clubbing. Anything I could argue about! Absolutely anything. Everyone used to say to me, just calm down. What was it that finally made that stick? It was relationships that had an impact, that gave me a bit of calm.
And then he made a film about race and now people are putting him in Marvel films which is bloody brilliant and is right. Mechanically the engine is not changed, but the rating does change.
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Remember this is for an off the shelf genset worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, where the manufacturer has a huge development budget, perfect understanding of their hardware and plenty of development time to tune and optimise their products. There is no way to circumvent this. More fuel is dumped in, more power is developed, failure rate increases. What if the increase in power yielded only an extremely small, insignificant increase in failure rate? The difference in failure rate is significant enough for the different ratings to exist. Some argue that a diesel performance chip allows lower rpm and thus offsets any additional engine wear caused by the chip.
For a tiny fraction of the total operating time, having a chip may allow you to avoid changing back a gear. In either case the engine is generating roughly the same power but at different rpm. To develop the same power at lower rpm means more stress per power stroke.
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It means the engine is exceeding its designed torque rating. The reduced wear made available through reduced rpm is offset by increased torque and more stress per power stroke. In fact you could argue that in this case, higher rpm yields less wear, because the same power is spread across more power strokes and the engine torque is kept within design limits. So for the same power at varying rpm a diesel performance chip will not significantly change overall wear and tear.
So the net result is that a chip increases stress and therefore wear and tear and so reduces the life of components. How much does wear and tear increase when a diesel performance chip is fitted? In terms of mean time between failure , mechanical components with metal sliding or rolling against metal often have a cubic relationship with load.
So, on average, components will fail around two-and-a-half times as often. The life is less than half standard. It does not matter if the engine was originally de-tuned, and the reasons for the tuning. It does not matter if certain stress or temperature limits are not exceeded. It does not matter if the chip maintains exhaust gas temperatures and coolant temperatures below certain values. It even does not matter if you treat the engine like a princess, service the engine every week, use the best most expensive oil and tenderly rub the car down every night.
This is the nature of how failure manifests.
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Failure is a continuous curve. Taking a weighted linear combination to approximate the change in mean time between failure, you get 1. This calculation is very rough. The point I am making is:.
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A significant increase in power must result in a significant increase in failure rate. The relationship between speed and wind resistance is fixed. Wind resistance is proportional to speed squared. There is no alternative.
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There is no range of speeds where wind resistance remains relatively constant. The relationship is the same all the time. The same applies to power vs failure rate. If you want to increase power without significantly increasing failure rate, then you need to restrict the increase in power to be practically imperceivable, or restrict the time that you use the extra power to be almost never. Chips dump more fuel into the engine. Dumping more fuel means a bigger bang and more stress.
Yes the original manufacturer may restrict fuel injection quantity for emission reasons but that is irrelevant. If you dump more fuel you increase stress which increases failure rate. This is true for any starting point, independent of initial conditions, independent of the reasons behind those initial conditions. Do chips circumvent some other restrictive emission system, like EGR valve, catalytic converter or diesel particulate filter, that frees up some hidden capacity in the engine? Two answers. Firstly, no, chips have absolutely no interface to these devices and cannot physically affect them.
Secondly, if they did, why are you giving me acid rain, smog and cancer just for your selfish desire to have more power? Part of the reason fuel quantity is restricted is to minimize the production of soot.
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Dumping more fuel will generate more soot. The extra soot is another way the engine wears out faster, in addition to the extra wear caused by increased combustion temperatures and pressure. With extra soot you can also expect your EGR valve, catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter to clog up faster than usual and require extra maintenance. Check out this article for a discussion on emission systems.
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What about your top of the line super expensive chip that employs multi-point fuel adjustment, fuel mapping adjustment based on throttle position, boost adjustment, timing adjustment and exhaust gas temperature compensation? More power means more stress and more stress means increased risk of failure. Fancy chips simply dump more fuel into the motor, same as cheap chips. They just have more flexibility in the fuel mapping and have a few different ways of adding the extra fuel and air. It does not change how the chip develops more power nor does it change the effect on failure rate.