Dollar-denominated bonds issued in the U. This formula shows that the price of a bond is the present value of its promised cash flows. The bond makes annual coupon payments. These results also demonstrate that there is an inverse relationship between yields and bond prices:.
For a bond that makes semi-annual coupon payments, the following adjustments must be made to the pricing formula:. As an alternative to this pricing formula, a bond may be priced by treating the coupons as an annuity; the price is therefore equal to the present value of an annuity the coupons plus the present value of a sum the face value.
This method of valuing bonds will use the formula:. The bond in the previous example can be priced using this alternate bond valuation formula as follows:.
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A zero-coupon bond does not make any coupon payments; instead, it is sold to investors at a discount from face value. The difference between the price paid for the bond and the face value, known as a capital gain , is the return to the investor. The pricing formula for a zero coupon bond is:. What is the market price of this bond?
In order to be consistent with coupon-bearing bonds, where coupons are typically made on a semi-annual basis, the yield will be divided by 2, and the number of periods will be multiplied by There are different types of yield measures that may be used to represent the approximate return to a bond. These include:. This equals the rate of return earned by a bond holder known as the holding period return if:. It is impossible to solve for the yield to maturity algebraically; instead, this must be done using a financial calculator or Microsoft Excel.
The variables in brackets fv, type and guess are optional values; the value of type is set to zero if it is not specified. Guess can be used to provide an initial estimate of the rate, which could potentially speed up the calculation time.
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Note that either pv or fv must be negative, and the other must be positive. The negative value is considered to be a cash outflow, and the positive value is considered to be a cash inflow. Also note that entering semi-annual periods and coupon payments will produce a semi-annual yield; in order to convert this into an annual yield on a bond-equivalent basis , the semi-annual yield is doubled. For a bond that is callable, the yield to call may be used as a measure of return instead of the yield to maturity.
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The process is similar to computing yield to maturity, except that the maturity date of the bond is replaced with the next call date. This is because yield to call is based on the assumption that the bond will be called on the next call date. The face value is replaced with the call price since this is the amount that the investor will receive if the bond is called.
Coupon (bond) - Wikipedia
What is the yield to call? In this case, the bond will mature in eight years, but it can be called in three years. The yield to call is computed as follows:. New York Times. Retrieved Bond market. Bond Debenture Fixed income. Accrual bond Auction rate security Callable bond Commercial paper Consol Contingent convertible bond Convertible bond Exchangeable bond Extendible bond Fixed rate bond Floating rate note High-yield debt Inflation-indexed bond Inverse floating rate note Perpetual bond Puttable bond Reverse convertible securities Zero-coupon bond.
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