Receptor deals with the sense of water current

The lateral line in fish and aquatic forms of amphibians is a detection system of water currents, consisting mostly of vortices.

The lateral line is also sensitive to low-frequency vibrations. It is used primarily for navigation, hunting, and schooling. The mechanoreceptors are hair cells, the same mechanoreceptors for vestibular sense and hearing. Hair cells in fish are used to detect water movements around their bodies. These hair cells are embedded in a jelly-like protrusion called cupula. The hair cells therefore can not be seen and do not appear on the surface of skin. The receptors of the electrical sense are modified hair cells of the lateral line system.

Fish and some aquatic amphibians detect hydrodynamic stimuli via a lateral line. This system consists of an array of sensors called neuromasts along the length of the fish's body.

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The sensory cells within neuromasts are polarized hair cells contained within a gelatinous cupula. Afferent nerve fibers are excited or inhibited depending on whether the hair cells they arise from are deflected in the preferred or opposite direction. Lateral line neurons form somatotopic maps within the brain informing the fish of amplitude and direction of flow at different points along the body.

These maps are located in the medial octavolateral nucleus MON of the medulla and in higher areas such as the torus semicircularis.

Pressure detection uses the organ of Weber , a system consisting of three appendages of vertebrae transferring changes in shape of the gas bladder to the middle ear. It can be used to regulate the buoyancy of the fish. Fish like the weather fish and other loaches are also known to respond to low pressure areas but they lack a swim bladder.

The aquatic equivalent to smelling in air is tasting in water. Many larger catfish have chemoreceptors across their entire bodies, which means they "taste" anything they touch and "smell" any chemicals in the water. Salmon have a strong sense of smell. Speculation about whether odours provide homing cues, go back to the 19th century. They further demonstrated that the smell of their river becomes imprinted in salmon when they transform into smolts, just before they migrate out to sea.

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They may also be sensitive to characteristic pheromones given off by juvenile conspecifics. There is evidence that they can "discriminate between two populations of their own species". Sharks have keen olfactory senses, located in the short duct which is not fused, unlike bony fish between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater.

They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls. Some species, such as nurse sharks , have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey. The MHC genes are a group of genes present in many animals and important for the immune system ; in general, offspring from parents with differing MHC genes have a stronger immune system.

Fish are able to smell some aspect of the MHC genes of potential sex partners and prefer partners with MHC genes different from their own. Electroreception , or electroception, is the ability to detect electric fields or currents. Some fish, such as catfish and sharks, have organs that detect weak electric potentials on the order of millivolts.

In sharks, the ampullae of Lorenzini are electroreceptor organs. They number in the hundreds to thousands. Sharks use the ampullae of Lorenzini to detect the electromagnetic fields that all living things produce. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal. Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting the electric fields they produce. Ocean currents moving in the magnetic field of the Earth also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation.

Electric field proximity sensing is used by the electric catfish to navigate through muddy waters. These fish make use of spectral changes and amplitude modulation to determine factors such shape, size, distance, velocity, and conductivity. The abilities of the electric fish to communicate and identify sex, age, and hierarchy within the species are also made possible through electric fields. The paddlefish Polyodon spathula hunts plankton using thousands of tiny passive electroreceptors located on its extended snout, or rostrum.

The paddlefish is able to detect electric fields that oscillate at 0. Electric fishes use an active sensory system to probe the environment and create active electrodynamic imaging. In , it was shown that Atlantic salmon have conditioned cardiac responses to electric fields with strengths similar to those found in oceans. Magnetoception , or magnetoreception, is the ability to detect the direction one is facing based on the Earth's magnetic field. In , researchers found iron, in the form of single domain magnetite , resides in the skulls of sockeye salmon. The quantities present are sufficient for magnetoception.

Salmon regularly migrate thousands of miles to and from their breeding grounds.

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Salmon spend their early life in rivers, and then swim out to sea where they live their adult lives and gain most of their body mass. After several years wandering huge distances in the ocean where they mature, most surviving salmons return to the same natal rivers to spawn. Usually they return with uncanny precision to the river where they were born: most of them swim up the rivers until they reach the very spawning ground that was their original birthplace. There are various theories about how this happens.

One theory is that there are geomagnetic and chemical cues which the salmon use to guide them back to their birthplace. It is thought that, when they are in the ocean, they use magnetoception related to Earth's magnetic field to orient itself in the ocean and locate the general position of their natal river, and once close to the river, that they use their sense of smell to home in on the river entrance and even their natal spawning ground.

Experiments done by William Tavolga provide evidence that fish have pain and fear responses. For instance, in Tavolga's experiments, toadfish grunted when electrically shocked and over time they came to grunt at the mere sight of an electrode. In , Scottish scientists at the University of Edinburgh and the Roslin Institute concluded that rainbow trout exhibit behaviors often associated with pain in other animals.

Bee venom and acetic acid injected into the lips resulted in fish rocking their bodies and rubbing their lips along the sides and floors of their tanks, which the researchers concluded were attempts to relieve pain, similar to what mammals would do. Professor James D. Rose of the University of Wyoming claimed the study was flawed since it did not provide proof that fish possess "conscious awareness, particularly a kind of awareness that is meaningfully like ours".

Rose had published a study a year earlier arguing that fish cannot feel pain because their brains lack a neocortex. Animal welfare advocates raise concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling. Some countries, such as Germany have banned specific types of fishing, and the British RSPCA now prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article needs additional citations for verification.

References

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main article: Vision in fishes. See also: Papilla fish anatomy. See also: Electric fish , Electroreception , Magnetoreception , Passive electrolocation in fish , and Jamming avoidance response. See also: Animal navigation , Fish migration , and Salmon run. Main article: Pain in fish. See also: Consciousness in animals and Nociception. Active sensory systems Brain Hydrodynamic reception Kinocilium Olfactory system Perception Proprioception Sense Sensory ecology Sensory-motor coupling Sensory neuron Sensory neuroscience Sensory organs of gastropods Sensory receptor Somatosensory system Visual system.

Microsoft Encarta Platt How might pyrogens cause the body temperature to rise? Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance osmotic balance across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.

A nonelectrolyte, in contrast, does not dissociate into ions in water.